1807-82
Italian Patriot



Garibaldi led an abortive revolt in Piedmont in 1834; then became a guerrilla leader in South America where he commanded the Italian Legion in Urugay's war against Argentina.

Garibaldi became a national hero during the Italian revolution of 1848-9.

In 1860 Garibaldi led the invasion of Sicily; later he captured Naples which led to the unfication of Italy under king Victor Emmanuel II.

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Charles de Gaulle

1890-1970
French Statesman



Charles de Gaulle was a member of the French officer corps who escaped to London after the French surrender to Germany in 1940.

de Gaulle organized the Free French forces fighting Nazi Germany and became the first head of the post-war government.

In 1946 he withdrew from public life but returned in 1958 to resolve the Algerian crisis, granting independence to Algeria in 1962. He established the Fifth Republic, becoming its first President (1959-69).

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William E. Gladstone

1809-98
British Statesman


Gladstone entered Parliament as a Tory, becoming Colonial Secretary in 1846. He resigned after the repeal of the Corn Law, and later became Chancellor of the Exchequer (1853-66).

In 1868 he led the newly formed Liberal Party to victory and was Prime Minister four times between 1868 and 1894.

He was responsible for many military, educational and civil reforms, but was defeated repeatedly over attempts to bring about Irish Home Rule.

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Boris F. Godunov
c.1551-1605
Tsar of Muscovy




Boris was guardian of Fyodor the retarded son of Ivan the Terrible.

He was himself elected Tsar when Fyodor died in 1598 without heirs. Opposed by the boyars (nobles) and plagued by war and pestilence Godunov was unable to fulfil his programme of social, legal, diplomatic and military reforms.

His death during civil war with a pretender known as the 'false Dimitry' led Russia into the so-called 'time of troubles'.

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Ulysses S. Grant

1822-85
US President


General Grant was commander-in-chief of the victorious Union armies during the American Civil War.

After the war Grant became the 18th President of the United States (1869-77). His administration was marked by corruption and bitter partisanship between the political parties.

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Gustavus I Vasa
c.1496-1560
King of Sweden




Gustavus fought in Sweden's rebellions against Denmark and was elected king of Sweden in 1523, thus breaking the Union of Kalmar.

He introduced the Lutheran Reformation, and in 1544 persuaded the Diet to make the monarchy hereditary in his Vasa family line.

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Biography