In 1817 he led an army of liberation in the epic crossing of the Andes; freed Chile in 1818, and in 1821 invaded Peru. After a quarrel with Bolivar, he retired to France.

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Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana

1794-1876
Mexican President



Santa Ana fought off the Spanish re-conquest attempt in 1829, and became President of Mexico in 1834.

He quelled Texan resistance at the Alamo (1836), but was later defeated and captured; seizing power again in 1839 he ruled until 1845, but was routed by US troops in the Mexican War of 1846-8.

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Ibn Saud c.1880-1953
Saudi King



Founder of Saudi Arabia. Ibn Saud was a member of an exiled ruling family. He captured Riyadh in 1902 and begun the conquest of central Arabia.

He accepted British Protectorate status in 1915, then occupied Hejaz (1926) and established the kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. He signed the first oil exploration treaty in 1933.

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Selim I Yavuz

1470-1520
Ottoman Sultan




Coming to power after rebelling against his father and older brothers Selim massacred the Anatolian adherents of the Safavid shah,
Ismail I, defeating him at Chaldiran.

This brought him into conflict with the Mamlukes of Egypt: he conquered Syria and Egypt, abolished the Mamluke sultanate and annexed its territories to the Ottoman state.

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Shajahan
1592-1658
Mogul Emperor



Grandson of Akbar, he unsuccessfully rebelled against his father, Jehangir, in 1622, reconciled with him three years later and proclaimed himself ruler after his father's death.

He created the Taj Mahal (1632-49), in memory of his favourite wife, Mumtaz Mahal. He was imprisoned in 1657 during a power struggle between his four sons, and died in captivity.

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Shaka
c.1787-1828
Zulu King





Shaka was appointed in 1810 by the Nguni leader, Dingiswayo, to command the warriors of north-east Natal.

He pioneered the disciplined use of the short, stabbing assegai.King Shaka established himself as ruler in 1818 and crushed all rivals in Natal-Zululand before being assassinated by his half-brothers.

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Biography